China’s calculated approach in Central Asia has positioned it as the pivotal player in the rare earth elements (REE) market, leveraging both diplomacy and infrastructure investments to cement its influence. Through initiatives like the Belt and Road, Beijing has secured critical mining rights and established processing hubs, ensuring that supply chains remain predominantly under its control. This strategic expansion not only enhances China’s access to vital resources but also limits opportunities for competitors, notably the United States, which has struggled to match Beijing’s cohesive and long-term engagement.

Key factors contributing to China’s dominance include:

  • Investment in local mineral processing facilities, reducing reliance on raw exports
  • Establishment of bilateral trade agreements favoring Chinese enterprises
  • Deployment of advanced…