Once hailed as the cornerstone of Sweden’s ambition to lead Europe’s green reindustrialization, Northvolt’s trajectory encapsulates the volatility of the modern energy transition. Founded with lofty goals to produce sustainable lithium-ion batteries on an unprecedented scale, the company quickly attracted billions in investments and government support. However, a combination of supply chain disruptions, soaring raw material costs, and increasingly competitive international markets exposed severe vulnerabilities. Despite its green promise, Northvolt struggled to convert vision into sustained profitability, raising critical questions about the viability of rapid industrial…