In 2025, Hungary under Viktor Orbán faced an unprecedented crossroads, torn between deepening integration with the European Union and asserting national sovereignty. The dilemma was characterized by a balancing act where EU membership offered undeniable economic benefits, such as access to funding and trade opportunities, yet raised concerns over perceived encroachments on Hungary’s domestic policies. Orbán’s administration grappled with whether continued participation in the EU’s evolving framework served Hungary’s long-term interests or if a more isolated path could better preserve its political and cultural identity.

Key factors influencing Orbán’s strategic calculations included:

  • Economic dependency: EU funds accounted for a significant portion of Hungary’s GDP,…